Gating

This page introduces you to the concept of gating and which gating strategies apply depending on your BactoBox® use case.

Concentrations: cells/mL and total/mL

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BactoBox® outputs two concentrations: cells/mL and total/mL. BactoBox® also computes other/mL but does not present it directly in the user interface.

BactoBox® counts and classifies individual particles in your sample vial. Gating results in two categories: other and cells. Combined, other and cells give total. On the Results screen (see User interface), you find the corresponding cells/mL and total/mL concentrations.

We don't show other/mL concentration directly on the Results screen. You find other/mL in the csv.summary file (see Download your data).

Gating determines the category names

The category names (e.g., cells and total) follow the gating. In some gating settings, the category names are intact cells, custom cells, and total particles.

Introduction to gating

Gating determines what BactoBox® classifies as cells. The default gating settings depend on your device configuration, but you can always change them. Careful consideration of your gating settings is key to gaining optimal results with BactoBox®.

BactoBox® detects and counts all objects in your sample within the size range of approximately 0.5–5 µm. As each object is detected, BactoBox® classifies it instantly based on your applied gating settings.

The full set of detected objects is called your total/mL concentration. From that total, some objects will be classified as cells/mL, while the rest are classified as other/mL.

BactoBox® counts individual objects (bacteria and blue dots) in your sample vial. BactoBox® classifies some objects as cells (everything in the green rectangle) based on your applied gating. Conceptually, the gating is like the green rectangle in this diagram. Note that, like in real life, the gating is not perfect. A couple of the blue dots (particles) are inside the green rectangle (counted as cells). Likewise, a couple of bacteria are outside green rectangle (counted as other).

Appropriate gating strategies

Selecting an appropriate gating strategy means deciding what you want to achieve with your use of BactoBox®. It is a high-level choice based on your measurement goals. The right strategy depends on your specific use case, and each approach involves trade-offs. You are always welcome to contact us to discuss which option best fits your needs.

There are three overall gating strategies when using BactoBox®:

  1. Total cell enumeration.

  2. Sensitive detection of cell death onset.

  3. Approximate live/dead quantification.

Below, we outline each approach and when it is most appropriate, and we introduce special cases.

A gating strategy is a high-level decision about what you want to achieve with your use of BactoBox®. It reflects your measurement goal, such as tracking total cell growth or detecting when cell death begins.

A gating setting is the specific configuration that defines which objects in your sample are classified as cells and which are classified as other. Together, cells and other make up the total signal in your measurement.

Total cell enumeration

This strategy counts all intact bacterial cells in your sample, regardless of whether they are viable. It is usually the best choice for batch fermentations and other straightforward cultivation workflows.

In batch fermentations, nearly all cells are viable until you reach the death phase. Trying to split live and dead cells in this context adds complexity but rarely offers meaningful insight. In contrast, total counts align well with CFU measurements during exponential and stationary phases.

When you use this strategy for batch fermentations, BactoBox® provides quantified concentrations of bacterial cells. These measurements are consistent and robust across different growth phases, and they offer much greater accuracy than OD₆₀₀, which is affected by changes in cell morphology, pigment production, and media components. While BactoBox® does not count colony-forming units, the results strongly correlate with CFU values during exponential and stationary phases. This makes it possible to track growth curves and concentration plateaus with confidence—without the need for calibration or reference curves.

The total cell enumeration gating strategy typically produces settings that work well across a wide range of bacterial species reducing the need for method development.

To get reliable results with this strategy, you need to check whether your sample medium introduces background signal in the same region as bacterial cells. This should be evaluated and, if necessary, corrected for when setting up the gating setting.

Total cell enumeration focuses exclusively on counting intact bacterial cells—both viable cells (green) and non-viable cells (red)—while excluding other particles and debris (gray particles) from the analysis.

Sensitive detection of cell death onset

This strategy is used when your goal is to detect the early appearance of dead cells in a culture. It is typically applied in fed-batch fermentations, where high feed rates can trigger overflow metabolism, stress, and cell death. These effects are often not visible until much later when using other process monitoring tools.

To enable early detection of cell death onset with BactoBox®, the gating is configured to include only events that fall clearly outside the viable population. The result reflects only cells that are confidently classified as dead.

The sensitive detection of cell death onset is highly species-dependent, and gating settings must be tailored accordingly.

While this is not a full count of all dead cells, it gives you a reliable signal that cell death has started. This makes it a valuable tool for process development, where knowing exactly when the system is pushed too hard will help you improve yield and stability.

Sensitive detection of cell death onset focuses exclusively on cells that fall within a defined 'true-dead' region, where viable cells (green) are never observed. Many non-viable cells (red) that lie outside this region are excluded from the reported cells/mL value, along with other particles and debris (gray).

Approximate live/dead quantification

If your sample is expected to contain both viable and non-viable cells, such as during downstream processing and formulation, you can apply a gating strategy that estimates the viable and non-viable populations.

This strategy sets gates based on membrane integrity, which is a useful proxy for viability. But because viable and dead cells often have overlapping dielectric properties, the classification will never be perfect. In practice, around 20% of viable cells may be misclassified as dead, and vice versa.

The approximate live/dead gating strategy is highly species-dependent, and gating settings must be tailored accordingly.

This approach can show you trends and relative changes in cell health, but you should be careful with treating the numbers as exact unless extensive validation is performed. Note that many bacteria lose culturability before their membranes are compromised, so CFU counts may drop earlier than live cell counts in BactoBox®.

We don't automatically recommend using the Approximate live/dead quantification strategy for fermentation process development. For batch fermentation work, we recommend using the Total cell enumeration strategy. For fed-batch fermentation work, it is relevant to use Total cell enumeration to monitor your seed trains, and either Approximate live/dead quantification or Sensitive detection of cell death onset to monitor your main fermenter.

The approximate live/dead quantification strategy seeks the best compromise for distinguishing live and dead cells. In practice, the gating settings define a region that includes mostly viable cells (green) and only a small fraction of non-viable cells (red), which are counted in the reported cells/mL value. Some viable cells and most non-viable cells fall outside this region and are therefore excluded from the result, along with other particles and debris (gray).

Special cases

It is also possible to develop gating settings to detect special objects such as endospores. Please contact us to discuss this topic in further detail.

Default gating settings on BactoBox®

When you press the Measure button on BactoBox® to run a sample, the applied gating setting depends on your product version.

Products purchased before September 2024 will employ a gating setting that follows the Approximate live/dead quantification strategy. This setting was tailored to detect viable bacterial cells based on typical signal profiles from selected model organisms. However, because bacterial morphology and electrical signatures vary between species, this setting may produce inaccurate results—typically underestimations—for some strains. The name of this gating setting is BacTotal-v2024-02.

Products purchased after September 2024 employs a gating setting that follows the Total cell enumeration strategy. The approach is designed to be universal across bacterial species, making it more robust for general use. However, it is important to validate that your specific sample matrix is compatible—in particular, that your medium, when diluted into BactoBox® diluent, does not generate false-positive counts. If interference is observed, the gating setting must be slightly tailored. The name of the gating setting is BacTotal-v2024-10.

The gating setting used for each measurement is always displayed on the 'Results' screen and recorded in the summary.csv file for reference.

How to develop a gating setting

We are currently developing training materials on how to create an appropriate gating setting based on your chosen strategy. Until these materials are finalized, please feel free to contact us for personalized support.

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